Biology Notes : Coordinated Sciences 0654

BIOLOGY CIE CS 0654

B1. Characteristics of Living Organisms

• Movement
• Respiration
• Sensitivity
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Excretion
• Nutrition

B2. Cells

B2.1. Cell structure

• characteristics of plant cells + animal cells
• magnification
• specialized cells

B2.2 Movement in and out of cells

• diffusion + factors affecting diffusion
• osmosis
  • investigating osmosis
  • effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells

B3. Biological molecules

1. Carbohydrates
   • simple, complex sugars
   • Iodine test for starch
   • Benedict’s test for reducing sugars
2. Fats/lipids
   • triglycerides
   • ethanol emulsion test for fats + oils
3. Proteins
   • amino acids –> proteins
   • Biuret test for proteins
4. Water as a solvent

B4. Enzymes

• enzyme, substrate, active site, enzyme-substrate complex, products
• factors affecting enzymes:
  • temperature
  • pH

B5. Plant Nutrition

• photosynthesis
• investigating the need for
  • chlorophyll
  • light
  • CO2
• investigating the rate of photosynthesis
  • light intensity
  • temperature
• leaf structure and function
  • photosynthesis
  • gas exchange
  • transport
• importance of magnesium and nitrate ions

B6. Animal Nutrition

B6.1. diet

• nutrients
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats/lipids
  • vitamins (C, D)
  • minerals (Ca, Fe)
  • fibre
  • water
• malnutrition: 
  • starvation, constipation, CHD, obesity
  • Kwashiorkor, Marasmus

B6.2. Alimentary canal

• stages of food breakdown: ingestion –> digestion –> absorption –> assimilation –> egestion
• organs and functions

B6.3. Digestion

• mechanical digestion
• teeth decay
• chemical digestion
  • enzymes
  • villi

B7.1. Transport in Plants

B7.2. Transport in mammals

• the Circulatory system
• the heart
• coronary heart disease (CHD)
• investigating physical activity on pulse + heart rate
• blood vessels
• components of blood

B8. Gas exchange and Respiration

B8.1. Gas exchange

• gas exchange surfaces
• inspired vs expired air
• protecting the respiratory system
• effects of exercise on breathing
• tobacco smoking

B8.2. Respiration

• aerobic respiration
• anaerobic respiration in
  • muscles
  • yeast

B9. Coordination and Response

B9.1. Nervous control in humans: CNS and PNS, types of neurons, the Reflex Arc

B9.2. Sense organs: the eye, the Pupil Reflex, fine-focussing = accommodation

B9.3. Hormones: adrenaline from adrenal glands, insulin from the pancreas

B9.4. Homeostasis: negative feedback, controlling blood glucose, body temperature, the skin

B9.5. Tropic responses: phototropism, gravitropism, plant hormone: auxin

B10.1-2. Asexual reproduction & Sexual reproduction in plants

B10.1. Asexual & sexual reproduction: 

• virus (binary fission), plants (runners, bulbs, tubers)
• haploid cells, diploid cells, zygote
• advantages and disadvantages of either mode of reproduction

B10.2. Sexual reproduction in plants

• flower anatomy: sepal, petal, stamen, carpel
• pollination: wind and insect-pollinated plants; their adaptations
• fertilisation
• investigating conditions for germination: water, oxygen, warmth

B10.3. Sexual reproduction in humans

• anatomy of the
  • male reproductive system: prostate glands, sperm ducts, urethra, penis, testis, scrotum
  • female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina
• fertilisation
• structural adaptations of the sperm and egg cells
• the menstrual cycle
• pregnancy:
  • zygote, embryo
  • functions of: amniotic sac, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, placenta
• STIs & HIV/AIDS
  • how they spread
  • how to control their spread

B11. Inheritance

B11.1 Chromosomes and genes

• inheritance
• chromosome, gene, DNA, allele
• haploid, diploid

B11.2. Cell division

• mitosis
• meiosis: reduction division

B11.3. Monohybrid inheritance

• genotype & phenotype
• homozygous & heterozygous
• dominant & recessive
• genetic diagrams, Punnett Squares

B11.4. Variation and Selection

• variation: continuous and discontinuous
• mutation
• natural selection –> evolution
• selective breeding (artificial selection)

B12. Organisms and their Environment

• food chain, food web
• producer, consumer
• herbivore, carnivore, decomposer
• ecosystem, trophic level
• energy transfer between trophic levels

B13. Human influences on ecosystems

• the Carbon cycle
• deforestation:
  • extinction of species/ loss of biodiversity
  • soil erosion
  • flooding
  • increase in atmospheric CO2
• water pollution
• eutrophication