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CHEMISTRY CIE CS 0654

C1. The Particulate Nature of Matter

• states of matter: solid, liquid, gas
• boiling/melting points and heating/cooling curves
• kinetic theory, diffusion

C2. Experimental Techniques

C2.1. Experimental techniques

C2.2. Criteria of purity: mixtures, paper chromatography, retention factor (Rf value)

C2.3. Methods of purification: 

• mixture of solids, mixture of liquids
• filtration, crystallisation
• simple distillation, fractional distillation

C3. Atoms, molecules and compounds

C3.1. Physical + chemical changes

C3.2. Elements, compounds, mixtures

C3.3. Atomic structure + Periodic Table: electron shells, nucleon and atomic number, isotopes

C3.4. Ions and ionic bonds: 

• electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely-charged ions
• lattice structure

C3.5 Molecules and covalent bonds: between non-metallic elements, weak intermolecular forces

C3.6. Macromolecules: allotropes of Carbon (diamond, graphite), silicion (IV) oxide

 

C4. Stoichiometry

C4.1. Stoichiometry

• types of chemical formulae: structural, molecular, empirical
• deducing formulae of ionic compounds
• balancing equations
• ionic equations

C4.2. The mole

• Avogadro’s constant
• molar volume, calculating % composition

 

C5. Electricity and Chemistry (the hardest topic)

• electrolysis
  • electrodes: anode, cathode
  • electrolyte
  • determining the gas produced
• electroplating
• industrial applications: manufacture of Cl2, H2, NaOH, Al from pure Al2O3 in molten cryolite

C6. Changes in Chemical Reactions

• exothermic and endothermic reactions
• H = enthalpy

 

C7. Chemical Reactions

C7.1. Rate (speed) of reaction

• setting up equipment
• factors: temperature, concentration, surface area, + catalyst
• explosive combustion

C7.2. Redox: oxidation states, oxidizing/reducing agents

 

C8. Acids, bases and salts

C8.1. Properties of acids and bases: 

• pH, litmus, methyl orange indicator
• reactions:
  • neutralization: acid + base –> salt + water:
    • acid + metal oxide
    • acid + metal hydroxide
    • acid + metal carbonate
  • acid + metal –> salt + hydrogen
  • alkalis + ammonium salts –> salt + water + ammonia
• pH and soil acidity

C8.2. Types of oxides: acidic, basic, neutral, amphoteric

C8.3. Preparation of salts: 

• preparing soluble and insoluble salts
• methods: filtration, crystallisation, titration

C8.4. Identification of ions and gases: anions, cations, flame tests, gases

 

C9. The Periodic Table

C9.1. The periodic table: group = valence electrons; period = number of electron shells

C9.2. Periodic trends 

C9.3. Group properties: group I metals, group VII halogens

C9.4. Transition metals

C9.5. Noble gases

 

C10. Metals

C10.1. Properties of metals: pure metals, alloys

C10.2. Reactivity series

C10.3. Extraction of metals from ores: Fe from hematite

C10.4. Uses of metals: Al, steel

 

C11. Air and Water

C11.1. Water

• chemical tests for water: cobalt (II) chloride, anhydrous copper (II) sulphate

• water treatment for impurities: filtration + chlorination

C11.2. Air

• pollutants (CO, SO2, NOx)

• rusting, barrier methods, galvanising/ sacrificial protection

C11.3. Greenhouse gases CO2, CH4

C11.4. Nitrogen & Fertilisers: displacement of NH3, the Haber process (manufacture of ammonia)

 

C12-13. Sulfurs and Carbonates

C12. Sulfur: sources, uses, the Contact Process (manufacture of sulfuric acid H2SO4)

C13. Carbonates: manufacture of lime, uses of CaCO3

 

C14. Organic Chemistry

C14.1 Names of compounds

C14.2. Fuels: fractional distillation, properties of fractions (viscosity, color, boiling/melting point, volatility)

C14.3. Homologous series

C14.4. Alkanes

C14.5. Alkenes: catalytic cracking

C14.6. Alcohols

C14.7. Polymers

C14.8. Synthetic polymers: addition polymerisation, condensation polymerisation, nylon